Kar-Ann Toh                 ž

PhD, Senior Member IEEE.

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(Updated 03 Jan 2010)

 

 

Research Interests

 

·        Biometrics

 

o       Multimodal biometrics fusion

 

Biometric is one of the most promising means to prevail conventional security methods. The main reason being that biometric gives authority directly to the user and not to indirect means such as a token or a password. However, there remain many problems to be resolved before biometric can really gain wide applications. For example, due to inherent limitations as well as external sensing factors, no single biometric method can warrant a hundred percent authentication accuracy as well as universality of usage by itself without imposing strict conditions during usage. Noting that these problems may be alleviated by combining multiple biometric methods, we are thus motivated to seek effective means to combine several biometrics to improve the situation.

 

o       Face and hand biometrics

 

The face and the hand are among the most conveniently accessible human body parts. This possibly explains the pervasive usage of face and fingerprint in authentication applications, particularly those related to personal identity and travel documents. Due to the large intra-class variations which overlap much into the inter-class variations, as well as the inherently large image size which leads to high dimensionality, face recognition based on 2D images is considered to be among the most challenging problems. Likewise, identity verification based on 2D fingerprint images is also a challenging task even though the images could be acquired under a much controlled environment. Our main focus in these themes will be on deriving effective means for feature extraction. 

 

o       Biometric security

 

Apart from using a biometric for authentication, the security of the biometric itself remains an issue. Under this research theme, we will focus on revocable biometrics where a feature template can be easily replaced when it is compromised.

 

 

·        Pattern Classification and Machine Learning

 

o       Pattern classification

 

Pattern classification is a key component in many decision processes spanning various fields of research in science and engineering. Examples include biometric authentication, medical diagnosis, information fusion and data mining. Apart from statistical means, learning from examples constitutes a major paradigm in pattern classification. Under this paradigm, a classifier minimizes a cost function and forms a map between the input feature space and the output hypothesis space of possible functional attributes such as pattern classes. In view of the nonlinearity incurred from the error counting process thereby requiring an almost inevitable iterative search for an optimized solution, we seek a deterministic approach in this work.

Recently, we have found that a zero-one counting step function in the minimum classification error (MCE) problem can be effectively approximated by a quadratic function, and this approximation together with a linear parametric learning model give rise to a closed-form solution minimizing the MCE. The approximation has also been extended to maximize the area under ROC for biometrics fusion where, again, a closed-form solution can be obtained. (Ref: PAMI-2008, PR-2008a,b)

 

o       Network learning and optimization

 

As an universal approximator, the artificial neural network becomes a natural choice in many black box learning applications. For a feedforward network with random hidden neurons, the above mentioned quadratic approximation holds well for the zero-one loss objective used in training and can be well adapted with good classification property. Moreover, through a dual formulation of the solution, the learning can always be either determined or over-determined. (Ref: NeuralComp-2008)

 

 

 

Professional Activities

 

  • Senior Member, IEEE.

 

  • Editorial:

o       Guest editors: Jiankun Hu, Vijayakumar Bhagavatula, Mohammed Bennamoun and Kar-Ann Toh, Special Issue on Biometric Security for Mobile Computing, Security and Communication Networks Journal, John Wiley, 2010. (Call for papers)

 

  • International Advisory Board

o       International Conference on Signal and Image Processing Applications, November 2009, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (ICSIPA'09)

 

  • Chair/Co-chair/Organizer/Track-chair:

o       Arun Ross, Kar-Ann Toh and Sudeep Sarkar, Program co-chair, IEEE Fourth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS 2010), 27-29 September 2010, Washington DC, USA (BTAS 2010) Call for papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Jiankun Hu and Andrew Teoh, ICIEA Invited Session on Biometrics, 15-17 June 2010, Taichung, Taiwan (ICIEA 2010) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Kwanghoon Sohn and Sangyoun Lee, Special Session on Vision, Recognition and Biometrics,  IEEE TENCON 2009, 23-26 November 2009, Singapore (TENCON 2009)

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Track Chair of Signal Processing, Fifth International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 15-17 June 2010, Taichung, Taiwan (ICIEA 2010) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Andrew Teoh and Kwanghoon Sohn, ICIEA Invited Session on Pattern Analysis and Biometrics, 25-27 May 2009, Xi’an, China (ICIEA 2009) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Track Chair of Signal Processing, Fourth International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 25-27 May 2009, Xi’an, China (ICIEA 2009) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Technical Track Chair, The Tenth International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, 17-20 December 2008, Hanoi, Vietnam (ICARCV 2008) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Zujun Hou and Andrew Teoh, ICIEA Invited Session on Pattern Analysis and Biometrics, 3-5 June 2008, Singapore (ICIEA 2008) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Track Chair of Signal Processing, Third International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications 3-5 June 2008, Singapore (ICIEA 2008) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Track Chair, IEEE International Conferences on Cybernetics & Intelligent Systems (CIS) and Robotics, Automation & Mechatronics (RAM), 3-6 June, 2008, Chengdu, China (CIS-RAM 2008) Call for papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, and Andrew B. J. Teoh, Chair/Vice Chair of ISATC Outreach Task Force 2007-2008, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society.

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Sangyoun Lee, and Jaihie Kim, ICIEA Invited Session on Biometrics, Fusion and Pattern Recognition, 23-25 May, 2007, Harbin, China (ICIEA 2007) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh, Technical Track Chair, The Ninth International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, 5-8 December 2006, Singapore (ICARCV 2006) Call for Papers

o       Kar-Ann Toh and Ke Chen, ICIEA Invited Session on Pattern Analysis and Biometrics, 24-26 May, 2006, Singapore (ICIEA 2006) Call for Papers

o       Ke Chen, Kar-Ann Toh and Peter Tino, Special Session on Natural Computation for Temporal Data Processing, 16-21, July 2006, Vancouver, Canada (WCCI’06-IJCNN’2006) Call for Papers

 

  • Technical Program Committee:

o       The 7th edition of the SPIE Biometric Technology for Human Identification VII, Part of program track on Defense, Homeland Security, and Law Enforcement , Orlando, FL, USA,  05-09 April 2010 (SPIE DS108)

o       Joint COST 2101 & 2102 International Conference on Biometric ID Management and Multimedia Communication, Madrid, Spain, 16-18 September 2009 (BioID_MultiComm’09).

o       IEEE TENCON 2009, 23-26 November 2009, Singapore (TENCON 2009)

o       International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Information Retrieval, Madeira, 6-8 October 2009, Portugal (KDIR 2009)

o       The Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC’09), and the Fourth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD’09), ), 14-16 August 2009, Tianjin, China (ICNC’09-FSKD’09) Call for papers

o       The 6th edition of the SPIE Biometric Technology for Human Identification VI, Part of program track on Defense, Homeland Security, and Law Enforcement , Orlando, FL, USA,  13-17 April 2009 (SPIE DS108)

o       2009 IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Aerospace Applications, 30March-2April 2009, Nashville, TN, USA (IEEE CIAA 2009 in IEEE SSCI 2009)

o       Intelligent Systems Applications TC 2008-2009, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE ISATC).

o       Intelligent Systems Applications TC 2007-2008, IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE ISATC).

o       International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems, 28 November - 1 December 2007, Xiamen, China (ISPACS 2007) Call for Papers

o       IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), 25-28 September 2007, Singapore (CEC 2007) Call for papers

o       The Third International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC’07), and the Fourth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD’07), ), 24-27 August 2007, Haikou, China (ICNC’07-FSKD’07) Call for papers

o       IEEE International Conferences on Cybernetics & Intelligent Systems (CIS) and Robotics, Automation & Mechatronics (RAM), 7-9 June, 2006, Bangkok, Thailand (CIS-RAM 2006) Call for papers

o       The Second International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC’06), and the Third International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD’06), ), 24-27 September 2006, Xi'an, China (ICNC’06-FSKD’06) Call for papers

o       International Conference on Biometrics, 5-7 January 2006, Hong Kong (ICB 2006) Call for Papers

o       The 5th International Conference on Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, 20-22 July 2005, New York, USA (AVBPA 2005) Call for Papers

o       The 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 13-16 December 2005, Singapore (CIRAS 2005) Call for Papers

o       International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems, 13-16 December 2005, Hong Kong (ISPACS 2005) Call for Papers

o       International Conference on Natural Computation, 27-29 August 2005, Changsha, Hunan, China  (ICNC 2005) Call for Papers

o       The 11th International Conference on Neural Information Processing, 22-25 November 2004, Calcutta, India (ICONIP 2004)

 

  • Reviewer of international journals:

o       IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

o       IEEE Trans. on Information Forensics and Security

o       IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing

o       IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks.

o       IEEE Trans. on Knowledge and Data Engineering

o       IEEE Trans. on Automation Science and Engineering

o       IEEE Trans. on Audio, Speech and Language Processing

o       IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Part I.

o       IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics – Part B.

o       IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics – Part C.

o       IEEE Computing in Science and Engineering Magazine

o       IEEE Intelligent Systems

o       IEEE Systems Journal

o       IET Computer Vision

o       Information Sciences

o       Pattern Recognition

o       Neurocomputing

o       Pattern Recognition Letters.

o       Computer Vision and Image Understanding

o       EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing.

o       Neural Information Processing - Letters and Reviews.

o       International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology

o       International Journal of Information Technology.

o       Journal of Network and Computer Applications

o       Security and Communication Networks Journal

o       IETE Technical Review

o       ETRI Journal

o       Computing

 

·        Reviewer of international conferences:

o       International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 14-19 June 2009, Atlanta, GA, USA (IJCNN 2009)

o       International Conference on Biometrics, 2-5 June 2009, University of Sassari, Italy (ICB 2009)

o       IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, 1-3 September 2008, Qingdao, China (IEEE-ICAL 2008)

o       International Conference on Biometrics, 27-29 August 2007, Seoul, Korea (ICB 2007)

o       International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 12-17 August 2007, Orlando, Florida, USA (IJCNN 2007)

o       The Second International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 23-25 May, 2007, Harbin, China (ICIEA 2007)

o       International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC’06), and the Third International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD’06), ), 24-27 September 2006, Xi'an, China (ICNC’06-FSKD’06)

o       International Conferences on Cybernetics & Intelligent Systems (CIS) and Robotics, Automation & Mechatronics (RAM), 7-9 June 2006, Bangkok, Thailand (CIS-RAM 2006)

o       First International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 24-26 May, 2006, Singapore (ICIEA 2006)

o       International Conference on Biometrics, 5-7 January 2006, Hong Kong (ICB’2006)

o       International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 13-16 December 2005, Singapore (CIRAS 2005)

o       International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communications Systems, 13-16 December 2005, Hong Kong (ISPACS 2005)

o       International workshop on multimedia signal processing, November 2005, Shanghai, China (MMSP 2005)

o       International Conference on Natural Computation, 27-29 August 2005, Changsha, Hunan, China (ICNC 2005)

o       International Conference on Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, 20-22 July 2005, New York, USA (AVBPA 2005)

o       International Conference on Biometric Authentication, 15-17 July 2004, Hong Kong (ICBA’2004)

o       International Conference on Neural Information Processing, 22-25 November 2004, Calcutta, India (ICONIP’2004)

o       International Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia, Video and Speech Processing, 20-22 October 2004, Hong Kong (ISIMP’2004)

o       International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Computer Vision (ICARCV’2000, ICARCV'2002, ICARCV’2004, ICARCV2006, and ICARCV 2008)

 

Seminars / Invited Lectures / Talks

 

  • “Fusion of Visual and Infrared Face Biometric Scores by Projection”, BERC & KBA Workshop, Seoul, Korea, 10 December 2009.

 

  •  “Deterministic Neural Classification”, Seminar, Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore, 21 October 2009.

 

  •  “Maximizing Area under the ROC Curve for Multimodal Biometrics Fusion”, Executive Seminar Room (S2.2-B2-53), Nanyang Technological University, 21 July 2009.

 

  • “Deterministic Pattern Classification”, Seminar, Institute of Intelligent Information Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China, 29 May 2009.

 

  •  “Multimodal Biometrics Fusion by AUC Maximization”, The 12th Korean Workshop on Biometrics Technology, Korea Science & Technology Center, Seoul, Korea, 10 December 2008.

 

  • “Deterministic Pattern Classification”, Seminar, School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 06 August 2008.

 

  •  “Deterministic Pattern Classification”, Special Talk in the Third International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Holiday Inn Atrium, Singapore, 03 June 2008.

 

  •  “Deterministic Classification-Error Based Learning”, Seminar, Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore, jointly organized by I2R and Singapore IEEE IE Chapter, 09 July 2007.

 

  • “Linear Methods for Pattern Classification”, Pattern Recognition Workshop, KAIST Daejon, Korea, 31 Jan, 2007.

 

  • “Pattern Classification and Biometric Decisions Fusion”, Keynote Speech, The First Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Pattern Recognition, Jeju Island, Korea, 23-24 Nov 2006.

 

  • “Adaptive Biometrics”, in The Fourth BERC Biometrics Workshop, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 16-17 Feb 2006.

 

  • “Multiple Biometrics And Decision Fusion”, in Biometrics and Security Workshop held in conjunction with Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security, SCIS’2004, Sendai, Japan, 28 Jan 2004.

 

  • “Biometric Technology: Some Recent Developments”, in Biometrics Security Consortium, Tokyo, Japan, 30 Jan 2004.

 

 

Selected Journal Publications

 

·        International Journals

 

Biometrics and Applications

 

K.-A. Toh, J. Kim and S. Lee, “Maximizing Area Under ROC Curve for Biometric Scores Fusion”, Pattern Recognition, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 3373-3392, November 2008.

 

K.-A. Toh, J. Kim and S. Lee, “Biometric Scores Fusion Based on Total Error Rate Minimization”, Pattern Recognition, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1066-1082, March, 2008.

 

H.-L. Eng, K.-A. Toh, W.-Y. Yau and J. Wang, “DEWS: A Live Visual Surveillance System for Early Drowning Detection at Pool”, IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp.196-210, February 2008. (Regular)

 

C. Lee, J.-Y. Choi, K.-A. Toh, S. Lee and J. Kim, “Alignment-Free Cancelable Fingerprint Templates Based on Local Minutiae Information”, IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol. 37, no. 4, pp.980-992, August, 2007 (Regular).

 

K.-A. Toh and W.-Y. Yau, “Fingerprint and Speaker Verification Decisions Fusion Using A Functional Link Network,” IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C, vol. 35, no. 3, pp.357-370, August, 2005 (Regular).

 

K.-A. Toh, X. Jiang and W.-Y. Yau, “Exploiting Global and Local Decisions for Multimodal Biometrics Verification”, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing (Supplement on Secure Media), vol. 52, no. 10, pp.3059-3072, October 2004 (Regular).

 

K.-A. Toh and W.-Y. Yau, “Combination of Hyperbolic Functions for Multimodal Biometrics Data Fusion,” IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol.34, no.2, pp.1196-1209, 2004 (Regular).

 

K.-A. Toh, W.-Y. Yau and X. Jiang, “A Reduced Multivariate Polynomial Model For Multimodal Biometrics And Classifiers Fusion”, IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (Special Issue on Image- and Video-Based Biometrics), vol.14, no.2, pp.224-233, February 2004. (Letters)

 

Pattern Classification, Neural and Machine Learning

 

K.-A. Toh, “Deterministic Neural Classification”, Neural Computation, vol. 20, no. 6, pp.1565-1595,  June 2008. (Letter)

 

K.-A. Toh and H.-L. Eng, “Between Classification-Error Approximation and Weighted Least-Squares Learning”, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.30, no.4, pp.658-669, April 2008 (Regular).

 

K.-A. Toh, “Training a Reciprocal-Sigmoid Classifier by Feature Scaling-Space”, Machine Learning, vol. 65, no.1, pp.273-308, October 2006. (MATLAB codes available in the paper)

 

Q.-L. Tran, K.-A. Toh, D. Srinivasan, K.-L. Wong and Q.-C. Low,, “An Empirical Comparison of Nine Pattern Classifiers,” IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol. 35, no.5, pp.1079-1091, October 2005. (Correspondence)

 

K.-A. Toh, Q.-L. Tran and D. Srinivasan, “Benchmarking a Reduced Multivariate Polynomial Pattern Classifier”, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 26, no. 6, pp.740-755, June 2004 (Regular). (MATLAB codes available in the paper)

 

Optimization and Control

 

K.-A. Toh, “Deterministic Global Optimization for FNN Training,” IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol.33, no.6, pp. 977-983, 2003. (Correspondence)

 

K.-A. Toh, “Global Optimization by Monotonic Transformation,” Computational Optimization and Applications, vol.23, no.1, pp.77-99, October 2002.

 

K.-A. Toh and R. Devanathan, “On Convexity and Quasiconvexity of an On-line Identification Formulation,” International Journal of Control, vol. 74, no. 9, pp. 938-948, 2001.

 

K.-A. Toh and R. Devanathan, “Pattern-based Identification for Process Control   applications,” IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 641-648, 1996. (Brief)

 

K.-A. Toh and R. Devanathan, “An Autotuning Controller for 2x2 Interacting Processes,” Control and Computers (A Journal of IASTED), vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 53-58, 1995.

 

K.-A. Toh and R. Devanathan, “An Expert Autotuner for Multiloop SISO Controllers,” Control Engineering Practice (A Journal of IFAC), vol. 1, pp. 999-1008, December 1993.

 

 

·        Book Chapters/Edited Proceedings

 

J.-G. Wang, K.-A. Toh, E. Sung and W.-Y. Yau , “Chapter 28: A Feature-level Fusion of Appearance and Passive Depth Information for Face Recognition,” Face Recognition, Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic (Eds.), pp.537-558, I-Tech Education and Publishing, Vienna, Austria, July 2007

 

K.-A. Toh, Q.-L. Tran and D. Srinivasan, “Chapter 1: Hyperbolic Function Networks for Pattern Classification,” Trends in Neural Computation, Ke Chen and Lipo Wang (Eds.), pp.1-34, Springer, 2007

 

K.-A. Toh, X. Jiang, and W.-Y. Yau, “Relaxation of Hard Classification Targets for LSE Minimization,” Fifth International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (EMMCVPR), St. Augustine, Florida, USA, pp.187-202, November 2005 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3757).

 

K.-A. Toh, “Global Energy Minimization: A Transformation Approach,” in Proceedings of Third International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (EMMCVPR), pp. 391-406,   Sophia-Antipolis, France: Springer, September 2001 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 2134).

 

K.-A. Toh, J. Lu, and W.-Y. Yau, “Global Feedforward Neural Network Learning for Classification and Regression,” in Proceedings of Third International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (EMMCVPR), pp. 407-422, Sophia-Antipolis, France: Springer, September 2001 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 2134).

 

 

 

Conference Publications

 

·        Invited Papers

 

  • B.-S. Oh, B.-G. Choi, and K.-A. Toh, “Fusing Horizontal and Vertical Components of Face Images for Identity Verification”, The 4th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Xi'an, China, pp. May 2009.

 

  • B.-G. Choi, Y. Kim, and K.-A. Toh, “A Method to Combine Visual and Infrared Face Image Verification Systems”, The 10th Intl. Conf. on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV), Hanoi, Vietnam, pp.440-445, December 2008.

 

  • K.-A. Toh, “Between AUC Based and Error Rate Based Learning”, The 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, pp. 2116-2120, June 2008.

 

  • K.-A. Toh, “Between AUC Based and Error Rate Based Learning”, The 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, pp. 2116-2120, June 2008.

 

  • K.-A. Toh and A. B.-J. Teoh, “Projection Learning Models”, The 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, pp.2151-2155, June 2008.

 

  • A. B.-J. Teoh and K.-A. Toh, “Secure Biometric-Key Generation with Biometric Helper”, The 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, pp.2145-2150, June 2008.

 

  • Y. Kim and K.-A. Toh, “Sparse Random Projection for Efficient Cancelable Face Feature Extraction”, The 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, pp.2139-2144, June 2008.

 

  • S.-K.. Kim, K.-A. Toh, and S. Lee “SVM-based Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition”, The 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, 2112-2115, June 2008.

 

  • K.-A. Toh, “Simple Power Series for Pattern Classification”, The 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Harbin, China, pp.641-646, May, 2007.

 

  • K.-A. Toh, Chulhan Lee, Jeung-Yoon Choi and Jaihie Kim “Performance Based Revocable Biometrics”, The 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Harbin, China, pp.647-652, May, 2007.

 

·         S.-K. Kim, H. Lee, K.-A. Toh, and S. Lee,  “An Encoding Scheme for Robust Face Recognition”, The 2nd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Harbin, China, pp.653-658, May, 2007.

 

  • K.-A. Toh, “Deterministic Network Learning Based on Classification-Error Rate”, Proceedings of the First Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Pattern Recognition, pp.25-34, Nov, 2006.

 

 

  • M. Ridzuan, K.-A. Toh, and D. Srinivasan, “A Framework for Empirical Classifiers Comparison”, Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, pp.809-814, May, 2006.

 

  • H.-L. Eng, K.-A. Toh, W.-Y. Yau, and T.-K. Chiew, “Recognition of Complex Human Behaviors in Pool Environment using Foreground Silhouette”, Int. Symp. Visual Computing (ISVC), Nevada, USA, pp. 371-379, December, 2005 (LNCS 3804).

 

  • W.-Y. Yau, K.-A. Toh, and T.-P. Chen, “Fingerprint Templates Combination”, The 5th Chinese Conference on Biometrics Recognition, Guangzhou, China, pp. 449-460, December, 2004 (LNCS 3338).

 

  • K.-A. Toh, Q.-L. Tran and W.-Y. Yau, “Some Issues Pertaining to Adaptive Multimodal Biometric Authentication”, The 5th Chinese Conference on Biometrics Recognition, Guangzhou, China, pp. 617-628, December, 2004 (LNCS 3338).

 

  • K. -A. Toh and W. Y. Yau, “Some Learning Issues in User-Specific Multimodal Biometrics”, The Eighth International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Computer Vision (ICARCV), Kunming, China, pp. 1268-1273, December 2004.

 

  • K.-A. Toh, W.-Y. Yau and X. Jiang, “Multiple Biometrics And Decision Fusion,” in Proceedings of the Biometrics and Security Workshop held in conjunction with SCIS2004, the Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security, Vol. I, pp. 471-476, Sendai, Japan, January, 2004.

 

 

 

·        International Conferences (only 1999 onwards are listed)

 

K. Choi, K.-A. Toh and H. Byun, “A Random Network Ensemble for Face Recognition, The 3rd IAPR/IEEE Int. Conference on Biometrics, (ICB), Sardinia, Italy, pp. 92-101, 2-5 June 2009 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 5558)

 

M. Kang, B. Kim, K.-A. Toh and K. Sohn, “Surrounding Adaptive Color Image Enhancement based on CIECAM02”, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp.1031-1036, October, 2008.

 

Y. Kim and K.-A. Toh, “A Method to Enhance Face Biometric Security”, The First IEEE Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), Washington DC, USA, pp.1-6 (DOI: 10.1109/BTAS.2007.4401913), September, 2007.

 

S. W. Jung, Y. Kim, A. B. J. Teoh and K.-A. Toh, “Robust Identity Verification Based on Infrared Face Images”, International Conference on Convergence Information Technology (ICCIT), Gyeongju, Korea, pp. 2066-2071, November, 2007.

 

K.-A. Toh, “Error-Rate Based Biometrics Fusion”, IAPR-IEEE Int. Conf. Biometrics Authentication, (ICB), Seoul, Korea, pp. 191-200, August 2007 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 4642)

 

Andrew B. J. Teoh, K.-A. Toh, and W. K. Yip, “2^N Discretisation of BioPhasor in Cancellable Biometrics,” IAPR-IEEE Int. Conf. Biometrics Authentication, (ICB), Seoul, Korea, pp. 435-444, August 2007 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 4642)

 

K.-A. Toh, “Training a Φ-Machine Classifier Using Feature Scaling-Space”, Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Singapore, pp. 1334-1339, August, 2006.

 

K.-A. Toh and J. Kim, “Training a Full Polynomial for Face Recognition”, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Electronics, Information and Communications, Mongolia, pp. 467-470, June, 2006.

 

K.-A. Toh, H.-L. Eng, Y.-S. Choo, Y.-L. Cha, W.-Y. Yau, and K.-S. Low, “Identity Verification Through Palm Vein and Crease Texture,” IAPR Int. Conf. Biometrics Authentication (IAPR-ICB), Hong Kong, pp. 546-553, January 2006 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3832).

 

T.-K. Tan and C.-L. Ng, K.-A. Toh, H.-L. Eng, W.-Y. Yau, and D. Srinivasan, “A Bimodal Palmprint Verification System,” Int. Conf. Biometrics Authentication (IAPR-ICB), Hong Kong, pp.737-743, January 2006 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3832).

 

J.-G. Wang, K.-A. Toh and R. Venkateswarlu, “Fusion of Appearance and Depth Information for Face Recognition”, Fifth International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), New York, USA, (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3546). pp. 919-928, July 2005.

 

W.Y. Yau, S.L. Goh, J. Li, K.A. Toh and D. Srinivisan, “Using Unified Orientation Model for Fingerprint Classification,” Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and

Impulsive Systems Series B: Applications & Algorithms, Special Issue, pp. 668-673, 2005.

 

K.-A. Toh, “Personalized Learning and Decision for Multimodal Biometrics”, 2004 IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS), Singapore, pp. 1111-1116, December 2004.

 

Q. L. Tran, K.-A. Toh and D. Srinivasan, “Adaptation to Changes in Multimodal Biometric Authentication”, 2004 IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent Systems (CIS), Singapore, pp. 981-985, December 2004.

 

E. Lim, K.-A. Toh, P. N. Suganthan, X. Jiang and W.-Y. Yau, “Fingerprint Image Quality Analysis”, International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, pp. 1241-1244, October, 2004.

 

K.-A. Toh, X. Jiang and W.-Y. Yau, “A Hyperbolic Function Model for Multiple Biometrics Decision Fusion,” Int. Conf. Biometrics Authentication (ICBA), Hong Kong, pp. 655-662, July 2004 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3072).

 

K.-A. Toh, W.-Y. Yau, E. Lim, L. Chen and C. H. Ng, “Fusion of Auxiliary Information for Multi-modal Biometrics Authentication,” Int. Conf. Biometrics Authentication (ICBA), Hong Kong, pp. 678-685, July 2004 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 3072).

 

K.-A. Toh, “Fingerprint and Speaker Verification Decisions Fusion”, International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP), Mantova, Italy, pp.626-631, September, 2003

 

H.-L. Eng, K.-A. Toh, Alvin H. Kam, J. Wang and W.-Y. Yau, “An automatic drowning detection surveillance system for challenging outdoor pool environments”, The 9th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), France, vol. I, pp. 532-579, October, 2003.

 

K.-A. Toh, W. Xiong, W.-Y. Yau and X. Jiang, “Combining Fingerprint and Hand-Geometry Verification Decisions”, in Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), Guildford, United Kingdom, pp. 688-696, June, 2003 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS 2688).

 

K.-A. Toh and K. Z. Mao, “A global transformation approach to RBF neural network learning,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), (Quebec, Canada), vol. II, pp. 96-99, August 2002.

 

K.-A. Toh, W.-Y. Yau, X. Jiang, T.-P. Chen, J. Lu, and E. Lim, “Minutiae data synthesis for fingerprint identification applications,” in Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), vol.3, Greece, pp.262-265, October 2001.

 

K.-A. Toh, “Fast deterministic global optimization for FNN training,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Tokyo, Japan, pp. V413 - V418, October 1999.